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Differential EquationsChallengeNonlinear Systems & Linearization

Nonlinear Systems & Linearization · Challenge problem

A pendulum driven by a constant torque obeys x′=y,  y′=−sin⁡x+12x' = y,\; y' = -\sin x + \tfrac12. In the interval 0<x<π0 < x < \pi it has a center at x=π6x = \tfrac{\pi}{6} and a saddle at x=5π6x = \tfrac{5\pi}{6} (both with y=0y = 0). The energy E=y22−cos⁡x−x2E = \dfrac{y^2}{2} - \cos x - \dfrac{x}{2} is conserved. Find the energy of the saddle minus the energy of the center.